We Are Imperfect As Human Beings - 922 Words

At the beginning of time we have shown how we are imperfect as human beings. The explanation we can find in the Bible along with the reading of the Book of Genesis where first humans, Adam and Eve ate the fruit from the forbidden three of knowledge committing the first sin. This infraction against the God caused that he had to punished them for their disobedience. Therefore, there is the difference between the curses given to the first humans and the reason why they are given different courses. Also, there is a fittingness to the punishments and they correspond to the distinct manners in which the man and the woman fell into sin. First, there is a difference between the curse given to Adam and curse given to Eve. For example, God said to Adam â€Å"Cursed be the soil for your sake, with pangs shall you eat from it all the days of your life. Thorn and thistle shall it sprout for you and you shall eat the plants of the field.† which means that he really curses the soil, not Adam directly. Adam received a punishment from God that he will need to work very hard for food from now. He lost the ability to stay in the Eden and enjoy this save and good place with plenty of food for him because he was disobedient to God. On the other hand, Good said to the Eve â€Å"I will terribly sharpen your birth pangs in pain shall you bear children† which means that Eve will be given a birth with a terrific pain. This judgment from a God was meant that every woman would experience a pain during aShow MoreRelatedDeception Is Incompatible With God1451 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a relationship between God and this untruthful behavior, an individual is also claiming that there is a flaw (or â€Å"imperfection†) in God. However, He can t be perfect and imperfect at the same time. So, God cannot be deceptive in any sense, because it would be saying that God is malicious, weak, and imperfect. 2. p. 82, paragraph beginning Still this is not. In the prior paragraph Descartes argued that God did not give him a faculty expressly for the purpose of making errors. But nowRead MoreOn the Essence of God Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesThe existence of God has been questioned and asked by many human beings since they were given revelations. A clear answer to the question has not yet been verified nor proven to be true by anyone and philosophers trying to prove so have failed too. Regardless of the disappointing search for God’s existence people still have hope and believe in God. Humans never stop seeking for a supreme being other than themselves, and when they prove God’s existence similar to how Descartes does, it opens up aRead MoreThe Problem of Evil1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes not take long for me to realize that we are all different in a plethora of different ways. We all grow up in many different societies and cultures that have shaped the way we think and a ct. Our behavior patterns are in large part due to our culture that we grew up in. We grow up with certain biases and different perspectives on what is good in life and what is not. Some of us have grown up in religious homes of some sort that had a large impact on what we think about life. Some of us have developedRead MoreThe Existence Of Evil By Blackburn Theory1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthat God created a perfect world with humans having free will and because of the misuse of that free will evil is present. Blackburn is against this idea total, he mentioned we couldn’t have free will without the influence of the past we can be free to do whatever we want and potentially to be blame for it, but the will is the influence of the past so we basically doing what the past tell us which is determinism. Blackburn also states that it’s not only human decisions that inflict evil upon us; thereRead MoreDescartes Argument of God1540 Words   |  7 Pagesargument that God does not need to necessarily exist through objections and replies. Premise 1: â€Å"We have an idea of God as an infinite and perfect being.† First, Descartes believes that there are properties that are inherently perfect. For example, being good is a perfection while being bad is an imperfection. A perfect being has all the perfections as properties. We have an idea of such a being as God. Premise 2: â€Å"Our minds are not infinite.† To begin this argument, Descartes entertains theRead MoreThe Existence of God1317 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of sciences, we still do not have a definitive answer to the question does God exist? Among many philosophers and scholars who have tried to answer this question, we shall look upon Rene Descartes theory on the existence of God. In terms of believers and non-believers, Descartes would be one of the believers. Before we go any further, we must ponder upon several questions. What is God? Does God exist? If such God does exist, then where does this being come from? Why do believersRead More The Existence Of God Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of sciences, we still do not have a definitive answer to the question does God exist? Among many philosophers and scholars who have tried to answer this question, we shall look upon Rene Descartes theory on the existence of God. In terms of believers and non-believers, Descartes would be one of the believers. Before we go any further, we must ponder upon several questions. What is God? Does God exist? If such God does exist, then where does this being come from? Why do believersRead MoreClassical Liberalism : Mill, Kant, And Locke1638 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical liberalism. Each one wrote in a different time period, offering a different prospective in their writings. They discussed ideas behind morality and property, elaborating on how humans behave in society. They all make their respective arguments carefully and convincingly, as they seek to understand humans and society. Despite all three political philosophers writing about Classical Liberalism, one makes the most convincing argument. Immanuel Kant has the most convincing argument about freedomRead MoreEvil : Evil And Evil1300 Words   |  6 PagesIf we are living in a world that was created by a perfect being, why are there imperfect aspects? If this ultimate being or creator (I will say God for purpose of this paper) is fundamentally good and moral, and is even unable to create evil, then how did evil come to be in the life we are living? According to the problem of evil, if there is a God, there is no evil. But because there is evil in the world, the conclusion can be drawn that there is no God (Sober). At first glance, this argument isRead MoreSocrates s Quest Of Truth1337 Words   |  6 Pagesabsolute beings, corresponding to every kind of thing there is, and causing in particular things their essential nature.† (Miller 50) In other words, Plato believed for every particular and imperfect thing in the world of becoming (appearance), there is a corresponding reality, which is its absolute and perfect form in the world of being. For instance, the material world we live in is a poor imitation of the â€Å"real† world. Plato states that the material world is always changing and imperfect because

Recognition Speech Free Essays

To the ever steadfast director and school principal, Mr. Bartolome L. Avila, to the highly competent and deeply motivated teachers and staff; other officials who are present on this occasion;to the proud and loving parents; to the very important people- the stars, in today’s ceremonies, the awardees, ladies and gentlemen, a pleasant morning. We will write a custom essay sample on Recognition Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like most of you today, my feelings are really overwhelming. I know, you guys are as excited about this event as I am so excited to speak before you today. Not so long ago, I was seating exactly where you are right now and hearing an inspirational talk from a guest speaker back then. Yes, I am but a proud alumna of Pililla Academy and soon you too will be part of the Alumni. Today, Pililla Academy will name those outstanding students who brought honors to themselves, and to this school. As we, you gather here and start viewing those simple and ordinary faces, you will realize that these achievers are exactly as everyone else. The only thing different is that, they have made their choices. That is to STAND and be recognized in the area where they choose to be the best one. It is a matter of CHOICE. It is between doing the right thing or not, or be recognized in good things or in all foolish activities. Sa ngayon, sa hirap ng buhay na dinaranas natin, tanging ang mga parangal na inyong matatanggap ang siyang magsisilbing tanglaw, gabay at pag-asa tungo sa magandang kinabukasan. Bawat medalya at sertipiko na inyong makakamit ay higit na mahalaga kaysa anumang kayamanan, sapagkat ito ang sumisimbolo sa natatanging kahusayan at galing na inyong pinamamalas. â€Å"Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. † How to cite Recognition Speech, Essay examples

1001 nights Essay Example For Students

1001 nights Essay In the text, The Thousand and One Nights,(926) there are several moral issues introduced. The story of the merchant and the demon, as presented by Shahrazad, displays most of these morals. In fact, first told thousands of years ago, this story presents many of the morals that humanity lives by today. The story advocates grace, virtue, sharing pain, the depravity of jealousy, and forgiveness; morals, that to this day are prominent in the lives of people all over the world. But perhaps the most important message that is initiated in the story of the merchant and the demon is to stand by your own personal morals and values, though hardship may provoke desertion.One of the morals presented by the story of the merchant and the demon, is that of grace. Although the Jinn is called a demon, he is not completely horrible. He shows grace when he allows the merchant a one-year reprieve to settle his affairs, furthermore, the Jinn takes the word of the merchant that he will return. The Jinn also demonstrates grace when he listens to the mens stories. By listening to these stories and agreeing to relinquish parts of his claim on the merchants life the Jinn is allowing the old men to consequently free the merchant. Another moral that is displayed in this story is virtue. The merchant is virtuous because he keeps his word to the Jinn even though it means his death. When the merchant gave his word to the Jinn he swore to God that he would return, to then break this contract, out of his own fear of death, would mean that he would no longer be virtuous because he has dishonored God and himself. The story shows the reward for his courage when the men stay to find out what will happen when the Jinn appears. These men similarly exhibit virtue, when they put themselves in danger by staying with the merchant. The moral of sharing someone elses pain and that of helping without a promised compensation is also implied in this story. The first man first stops to warn the merchant that he is in a place of demons and devils.(940) That man is then in danger himself when he stays to witness the conclusion of the encounter between the merchant and the Jinn. The second and third men, when they hear the tale of the merchant, also stay to find out what the Jinn will do when he emerges. When the Jinn does appear, all of the men, with no assurance of reward, stay to support the merchant and in turn tell their own stories of woe. As each relates his story they not only share the pain of the merchant but also inevitably facilitate in saving his life. The individual stories of each man also hold certain morals. The first mans story of his wife, mistress and son exposes the evils of jealousy. Although his wife is taken care of and loved she becomes jealous of her husbands mistress and son. She turns the mistress into a cow and the son into a bull and sends them out to the pasture with the other cattle. The wife then lies to her husband about their disappearance. When it is time for the Great Feast of Immolation (941) his mistress in her guise of a cow is brought forth for the sacrifice. The man is unknowingly reluctant but his wife forces the butcher. When his wife is found out she is punished by being transformed herself into a deer. All of her treacherous actions reveal her jealousy and the extent of what she must to do cover it up. .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .postImageUrl , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:hover , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:visited , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:active { border:0!important; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:active , .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f453cea9d77988d7a7ad735bbc05bcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thendy EssayThe second mans story illustrates the moral of forgiveness. He tells of how his brothers were scoundrels and though they misused all of their wealth, the man helped them without reproach. When the brothers become envious of the mans life they conspire to kill him and his new wife. However, the wife of this man is a Jinn herself and vows to kill the brothers for there corrupt acts. The man, on the other hand, refuses her and forgives his brothers. He does this with the words Be kind to those who harm

Marxism Essays (2036 words) - Economic Ideologies, Anti-capitalism

Marxism I. Introduction II. Marxism A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: Economic Evolution III. Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: The Parliament versus the Crown IV. Institutional Theory A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: Social Change V. Conclusion Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed to explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose for this Marxism Essays (2036 words) - Economic Ideologies, Anti-capitalism Marxism I. Introduction II. Marxism A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: Economic Evolution III. Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: The Parliament versus the Crown IV. Institutional Theory A. Definition & Explanation B. Example: Social Change V. Conclusion Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed to explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose for this

Free Essays on Bussiness Growth

Policies and Procedures Orientation On the first day of employment the new hire receives an orientation in selection and enrollment for insurance and other benefits, and completion of tax forms. The Orientation Program provides an introduction to history, organizational structure, and initiatives of the company. All new hire will be oriented to the following: 1. Objectives 2. Organization 3. Policies and procedures including: Working hours Timesheet authorization procedures Lunch and break schedules Importance of regular attendance, punctuality Policy for phoning in absences and tardiness Overtime opportunities or requirements Dress code Scheduling time off Written job description Performance standards / expectations for performance appraisal Safety / security procedures, location of emergency equipment Reporting of work-related injuries or illness 4. Introduction to management, supervisors, and trainers responsible for orienting to the job duties. Training It is the policy of the company to assist and encourage employees to obtain skills, knowledge, and abilities that increase the effectiveness of work performance in their present position and improve their career opportunities within the company. The Human Resources Department will assess employee development needs and, based on the availability of resources, sponsor appropriate, relevant training and development programs to meet such needs. Sources of Training Programs: 1. On-Site Training A department head is responsible for arranging specialized training with a department trainer, administering apprenticeship programs, other special skills training, and internships. 2. Off-Site Training With the approval of his or her supervisor and plant manager an employee may attend off-site training. See HR Employee Development and Training for procedures for requesting off-site training. 3. College Degrees, Specialty Certificates, and College-Level... Free Essays on Bussiness Growth Free Essays on Bussiness Growth Policies and Procedures Orientation On the first day of employment the new hire receives an orientation in selection and enrollment for insurance and other benefits, and completion of tax forms. The Orientation Program provides an introduction to history, organizational structure, and initiatives of the company. All new hire will be oriented to the following: 1. Objectives 2. Organization 3. Policies and procedures including: Working hours Timesheet authorization procedures Lunch and break schedules Importance of regular attendance, punctuality Policy for phoning in absences and tardiness Overtime opportunities or requirements Dress code Scheduling time off Written job description Performance standards / expectations for performance appraisal Safety / security procedures, location of emergency equipment Reporting of work-related injuries or illness 4. Introduction to management, supervisors, and trainers responsible for orienting to the job duties. Training It is the policy of the company to assist and encourage employees to obtain skills, knowledge, and abilities that increase the effectiveness of work performance in their present position and improve their career opportunities within the company. The Human Resources Department will assess employee development needs and, based on the availability of resources, sponsor appropriate, relevant training and development programs to meet such needs. Sources of Training Programs: 1. On-Site Training A department head is responsible for arranging specialized training with a department trainer, administering apprenticeship programs, other special skills training, and internships. 2. Off-Site Training With the approval of his or her supervisor and plant manager an employee may attend off-site training. See HR Employee Development and Training for procedures for requesting off-site training. 3. College Degrees, Specialty Certificates, and College-Level...

Benefits of Reading Essay Example for Free (#3)

Benefits of Reading Essay Reading maketh a man. Today, we enjoy such a wide array of reading material ranging from books, magazines, newspapers, comics and the latest e-books. However, we still do not make it a habit to read. This fact can be consolidated by a recent survey that has singled out that a majority of citizens hardly read. What a shame! Obviously, we do not realize the importance of reading. In this era of modernization, in order to become a successful person or a top-notch student, we should enrich ourselves with adequate knowledge and perspective. Instead, citizens in developed countries like Russia, China, Japan, Korea and Australia are enriching themselves with knowledge and information. Thus, it is high time that we make it a point to read. First and foremost, reading is the perfect platform for us to improve our knowledge. It is undisputable that, nowadays, the bookstores are flooded with various kinds of reading materials dealing with different subjects. By reading numerous genres of books, we are able to broaden our minds. For example, we can always flip through magazines or books to acquire knowledge and information on particular fields. Magazines like National Geographic, Popular Science, Discovery, Chips , Time and Reader’s Digest provide a colossal of information about science and the latest technologies. Those who are interested in technology will stand a golden opportunity to have a deep understanding on technology and thus helping them to get a promising job in the future. Aside from this, reading helps us to keep abreast with the latest developments in the world. One can know about the news or headlines of the world by just skimming through newspapers or surfing the Internet. People who are informative and knowledgeable are not considered as â€Å"a frog under a coconut shell†. Hence, it is true that reading enable us to widen our knowledge besides of keeping us oblivious of the latest developments in the world. In other words, â€Å"reading is the window of the world†. Furthermore, reading stands us a good stead in improving our command of languages. It has become an irrefutable fact that most of the people around the globe are not highly proficient in English which is an international language. This is because they tend to stick to their mother tongue. Sadly, they do not realize the importance of English. In order to master the language, we should cultivate the habit of reading. By reading we are introduced to a thousand and one words that are seldom applied in speaking but may come in handy when comes to writing. Persons who hardly read will not be able to do well in his essay writing as he fails to acquire the essential writing skills. On top of that, he also fails to learn some useful words that are a necessity in writing a good essay. Thus, it can be said that reading increases one’s vocabulary as well as polishing up one’s writing skills. In addition, by reading we are able to be fluent in foreign languages like Japanese, Spanis h, Italian, Mandarin, French and Arabic, just to name a few. Therefore, we will have the ability to converse with the citizens of other countries. Nevertheless, reading provides relaxation and entertainment. It is an ubiquitous phenomenon that thousands of people in the world are deriving entertainment from reading. This is because reading is the best form of entertainment and relaxation after enduring their mind-boggling work. Reading helps them to vanquish their daily stress and soothe their pressured minds. Needless to say, we do not have to burn a hole in our pockets when we are craving for entertainment. Unlike DVDs or television programs, books are the cheapest source of entertainment which only cost us up to a few dollars, perhaps the most exorbitant books will only cost up to the maximum of 50 dollars which is within the budget of a layman. On the other hand, we should not overlook the advantage of reading which is associated with unleashing our creative powers. By reading thrilling story books like The Lost Symbol, Angels and Demons, Da Vinci Code, Digital Fortress which are written by a prominent author, Dan Brown will definitely keep us thinking about the plots. When we are thinking about the plots, question marks will be popped up in the frame of our minds. Subsequently, we will have to imagine the consequences or the next scenes of the story. All these require creativity, unlike watching movies or videos, where there is little left to the imagination. This is because the scenes are already portrayed using images or pictures. It is a huge fallacy to say that watching movies is far better than reading books to unleash one’s creativity. In a nutshell, it would cost us a fortune if we do not make an effort to read. If we take a close look at people who often read, they are generally creative, it is vital that every citizen in the world picks up the habit of reading. The government should play a pivotal role in promoting the habit of reading. Several awareness campaigns should be held in arm to raise the awareness of the nations on the importance of reading besides boosting the interest of the public in reading. Most importantly, parents should encourage their children to read when they are still young. Benefits of Reading. (2017, Jan 20).

Tuskegee syphilis experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuskegee syphilis experiment - Essay Example Search the internet for a site that you find useful and provide the link to your classmates. Along with the link, give a brief synopsis of why you chose this site (i.e., what it contains, why it's useful). One of the most important and highly useful websites in the field of immunology is www.iuisonline.org. It contains the information on activities of International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) related to the research and basic information on immunology. IUIS is the umbrella organization for many of the regional and national societies of immunology through out the world. This site is useful in providing information on organizing international cooperation on immunology, and in providing communication between immunology and its allied branches. It also helps in coordinating various societies of the world working in the area of immunology. 1. What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study What was the original study aim What did the study end up being about How many people were enrolled How many were alive at the end What were the major ethical issues surrounding this study The Tuskegee syphilis study was a medical clin... The main aim of this study was to study the treatment, natural history, response and biological changes exhibited by patients suffering from syphilis disease with out intimating them the original reason of study. The patients were intentionally not given the treatment for curing syphilis. The study ended in 1972 after 40 years with the reporting of responses of patients suffering from syphilis. However it became controversial with the report of New York Times in 1972 regarding unethical issues and because of which the study was stopped. 600 black men (African American sharecroppers) were enrolled under this study out of which 400 people were suffering from syphilis and 200 people were free from syphilis. It was reported that only 74 of the test subjects survived, and others died and the disease was spread to their wives and children. The main ethical issues surrounding the study are as follows: (a) The patients were not given information on the original purpose of medical study and their consent was not taken. (b) There was a forceful non-treatment for syphilis even though pencillin was invented in 1940s which is very effective against syphilis. (c) The wives and children of black men were also affected, even then the truth was not disclosed. 2. What is the name of the virus that causes AIDS In relatively general terms, how does that virus cause AIDS The name of the virus causing AIDS is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It has 2 forms i.e. HIV1 and HIV2 out of which HIV1 is more virulent and pandemic strain of HIV. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) is considered to be the origin of HIV. SIVcpz is the form SIV present in chimpanzee. It is reported that the

Was the American entry into WWI justifiable Why or why not And, was Essay

Was the American entry into WWI justifiable Why or why not And, was the american intervention in Vietnam justifiable why or w - Essay Example At that time, maintaining neutrality was very difficult to maintain for USA. The main rationale was the threat of German invasion over the US. They were approaching Mexico to invade the entire country. For the sake of national defense, President Wilson declared war against German empire on April 2, 1917. The submarine or U-Boat attacks on American trading activity were also not ignorable. If we want to outline the major heads as the underlying reasons, following points will justify the intervention in war: U-Boats or submarine attacks Breakdown of Sussex Pledge Lusitania was sinking Telegram from Zimmerman The actual threat that came from Zimmerman was down point where no more patience could be exercised. By observing the clear threat in the telegram, American President finally decided to declare the war which was already going on in Europe. Some critiques also state that America just took the sympathies from the stakes by cunningly entering in to the war. On the other hand, they jus t made the reasons justified by their own however the situation was still controllable without putting in to the war. 2. Vietnam War The so called reason given by America is prevention of communism spread. The war ended up with failure at high cost of human and monetary damages. It swallowed the lives of 58,000 American soldiers. A large number of militants were permanently disabled because of high stress and continuous warfare activities for long. Historically, it has been notified as a terrible mistake made by American administration. The war involved a huge quantity of chemical spread was over run in Vietnam. For example, nearly 10 percent of the country was intensively sprayed by seventy two million liters of the dangerous chemicals including Agent Orange. That excessive chemical invasion not only affected local citizens but also impugned the lives of American troops in Vietnam. The dioxin that contained Agent Orange influenced the irrigation and water supply system negatively. Along with this, it caused long term effects over the new child births. The new children were getting birth with numerous disabilities like limbless children. The adverse effects of the war still persist in several areas of Vietnam. For instance, it has been reported in 2003 that 650,000 people in the country are still facing post war problems in numerous ways. The main reason was chemicals which were dropped in an unlimited number. The underlying war also caused ill reputation at the end of USA amongst the contemporaries for such a inhumane and terrible warfare. Comparison Vietnam War is often referred to as a misguided warfare while the WW-I had a clear agenda of defense and security. US had to face an open defeat will huge losses with reference to Vietnam War whereas in World War I, US complied with the decided and declared agenda. People favor for the WW1 but it is opposite in case of Vietnam War. The purpose of Vietnam War was economic but the WW1 had a purpose of defense. The administration used only needed and contemporary weapons in the WW1 that did not leave adverse after effects but Vietnam War caused long term excessively horrible effects over the country, people’s health and the overall environment. American economy and budgetary system had to face a huge loss in term of man power (militants) as well as in monetary term. People in US were quite distressed because of

Defining Historiography Essay Example for Free

Defining Historiography Essay

Ansel Yosemite Adams Essays -- Biographies Bio Biography

Ansel "Yosemite" Adams It is said that, "A picture is worth a thousand words." Ansel Adams proved this statement correct with every single image he produced. Some of his best-known photographs were taken in the Yosemite Valley, including his first ever picture of Monolith; the Face of Half Dome nestled in the heart of the valley. When the thought of Yosemite comes to mind, Ansel Adams' name follows right behind it. Adams' life revolved around Yosemite in many ways, and he was often called "Ansel Yosemite Adams" (Fischer 8). He was a caring man and cared deeply about the Sierra Nevada, and seemed to have a psychic connection with Yosemite (Spaulding 615). Ansel Adams once recalled his first visit to Yosemite: The first impression of the Valley-white water, azaleas, cool fir caverns, tall pines, and solid oaks, cliffs rising to undreamed-of heights, the poignant sounds and smells of the sierra, the whirling flourish of the stage stop at Camp Curry with its bewildering activities of porters, tourists, desk clerks, and mountain jays, and the dark green-bright mood of our tent-was a culminations of experience so intense as to be almost painful. From that day in 1916, my life has been colored and modulated by the great earth-gesture of the Sierra. (Fischer 9) Adams' love for Yosemite was portrayed through his elegant words and pure black and white images of the valley. The natural beauty of Yosemite was shared with the world through his images of unspoiled rushing streams, raging waterfalls, crystal clear lakes, lone trees and high sierra mountain peaks. In the combination of his photographs and writings, Adams demonstrated "that those who appreciate the earth's wild places have a duty and responsibility to use them wisely and well... ...tional Park idea" (246). His magnificent photographs were his key to access the powerful leaders that could help him protect the land he loved (Fischer 18). Adams persistence and dedication to Yosemite changed the face of how people view our national parks. Yosemite's natural beauties and wilderness gained much appreciation from the American people through Adams images and efforts to protect the national park. In his autobiography Adams said, "While touching the fringes of environmental problems, I am happy to have been able to have had some small effect on the increasing awareness of the world situation through both my photographs and my vocal assertions" (322). Adams "photographs continue to inspire artist and conservationist alike" (Sierra Club). With his contributions to Yosemite, the sentimental value of the national park would not be as momentous as it is today. Ansel 'Yosemite' Adams Essays -- Biographies Bio Biography Ansel "Yosemite" Adams It is said that, "A picture is worth a thousand words." Ansel Adams proved this statement correct with every single image he produced. Some of his best-known photographs were taken in the Yosemite Valley, including his first ever picture of Monolith; the Face of Half Dome nestled in the heart of the valley. When the thought of Yosemite comes to mind, Ansel Adams' name follows right behind it. Adams' life revolved around Yosemite in many ways, and he was often called "Ansel Yosemite Adams" (Fischer 8). He was a caring man and cared deeply about the Sierra Nevada, and seemed to have a psychic connection with Yosemite (Spaulding 615). Ansel Adams once recalled his first visit to Yosemite: The first impression of the Valley-white water, azaleas, cool fir caverns, tall pines, and solid oaks, cliffs rising to undreamed-of heights, the poignant sounds and smells of the sierra, the whirling flourish of the stage stop at Camp Curry with its bewildering activities of porters, tourists, desk clerks, and mountain jays, and the dark green-bright mood of our tent-was a culminations of experience so intense as to be almost painful. From that day in 1916, my life has been colored and modulated by the great earth-gesture of the Sierra. (Fischer 9) Adams' love for Yosemite was portrayed through his elegant words and pure black and white images of the valley. The natural beauty of Yosemite was shared with the world through his images of unspoiled rushing streams, raging waterfalls, crystal clear lakes, lone trees and high sierra mountain peaks. In the combination of his photographs and writings, Adams demonstrated "that those who appreciate the earth's wild places have a duty and responsibility to use them wisely and well... ...tional Park idea" (246). His magnificent photographs were his key to access the powerful leaders that could help him protect the land he loved (Fischer 18). Adams persistence and dedication to Yosemite changed the face of how people view our national parks. Yosemite's natural beauties and wilderness gained much appreciation from the American people through Adams images and efforts to protect the national park. In his autobiography Adams said, "While touching the fringes of environmental problems, I am happy to have been able to have had some small effect on the increasing awareness of the world situation through both my photographs and my vocal assertions" (322). Adams "photographs continue to inspire artist and conservationist alike" (Sierra Club). With his contributions to Yosemite, the sentimental value of the national park would not be as momentous as it is today.

Government Regulation of the Oil Industry: Keystone Pipeline Essay

The Keystone Pipeline has been in news for several months and has been the subject of scrutiny, political bantering and environmentalist activism. Keystone Pipeline is a transcontinental synthetic oil project that runs from Canada to the Gulf Coast. Construction of such a pipeline bears many risk associated with ecosystem disruption and environmental hazards. President Obama blocked the pipeline’s extension noting several studies that the pipeline would have adverse impact on air and water supplies. Its original route crosses the Sandhills in Nebraska, the large wetland ecosystem, and the Ogallala Aquifer, one of the largest reserves of fresh water in the world. The Ogallala Aquifer spans eight states, provides drinking water for two million people, and supports $20 billion in agriculture. A major leak could ruin drinking water and devastate the mid-western U. S. economy. (Source: WikiPedia) Almost by default, the opposition party rebutted the president’s decision claiming he was a killer of jobs. Studies completed for Keystone has demonstrated that approximately 2,000 employees would be needed to complete the pipeline and about 25% of that would be permanent employment. In my view the potential environmental cost outweigh the economic ones in this situation. Keystone supporters purport the necessity in its construction to curb our dependence on foreign imports for energy. The cost to extra the sand, refine it to a now synthetic oil, transport it across country by far produces more energy than will actually be used in its life cycle. Government regulation, in this instance, has proven mildly effective. Given that we are now in an election season, this â€Å"job destroying vote† may come back to bite.

Analysis chinese banking industry systems, processes and products Essay

China’s rapidly developing economy is dependent on a banking industry which is controlled by the state. The four public banks of China and the People’s Bank of China have a strong hold over the country’s financial system. The advent of China in WTO in 2001 and globalization has led to a felt need for transformation in the Chinese economy to integrate it with the global economy. The financial sector will need to support this change. An assessment of the state of the Chinese banking industry at present and its future growth is therefore essential. Ideally this can be achieved by benchmarking a Chinese bank and a European Bank, for which purpose a case study of Bank of China and HSBC, London has been carried out. The aim of the research is therefore to undertake an analysis of the Chinese banking systems, processes and products through a case study of the above mentioned banks while the objectives of the research indicate assessment of the overall state of the Chinese banking industry, evaluate implementation of various processes and systems and highlight the areas for growth. A deductive – inductive approach with emphasis on case study has been adopted for the research. Apart from extensive secondary research through literature survey, a detailed questionnaire has been administered to 40 clients across a wide cross section of personal and corporate customers of Bank of China and HSBC, London which has formed the key primary resource for the research. A review of the research sources and questionnaires has revealed that Bank of China has been able to quickly adapt itself to the changing requirements of a globalised financial environment and is providing both personal as well as business banking services to meet its customer’s requirements. HSBC which considers itself as the World’s local bank is providing a complete package of services to the corporate as well as personal client and has been successful in implementing the same throughout the World. Its initial forays into China have also underlined the success story. The quality of service in both the banks was seen to be similar, however HSBC provided better follow up and also more services on the internet than Bank of China. The growth trajectory of both the banks indicates that, while HSBC is attempting to grow throughout the World; Bank of China is growing primarily within the Chinese banking system. There are a number of areas for improvement identified in the research which could well be undertaken by Bank of China to include greater efficiency and better customer service, improvement in technology and customer follow up and exploitation of niche areas such as credit cards. The entry of foreign banks will see greater competition in the Chinese banking sector. The need for Chinese banks to adopt global practices is also underlined and it is anticipated that the entry of more global banks as HSBC in China will provide the impetus to this growth. ANALYSIS CHINESE BANKING INDUSTRY SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS: A CASE STUDY BANK OF CHINA AND HSBC, LONDON Chapter 1 – Introduction China is a rapidly growing economy which is considered as a model for emerging countries all over the World. The dynamism of an economy lies in an efficient and effective financial system led by the banking sector. The impact of the banking sector on economic growth in China and its contribution to public life has been a matter of debate over the years. China has a banking system which is controlled by the State and thus has a very large influence on the economy. Exclusively controlled by the central government, the four state banks and People’s Bank of China have a very strong hold over the financial system both internally and externally. (China’s Economic System, 2004). However the rapid growth of China towards a socialist market economy has been affecting the banking sector in various ways and Chinese banks have undertaken measures to enhance their efficiency and contribute effectively to the economy. China’s entry into the WTO in 2001 has also necessitated adoption of liberalized norms in line with the global banking and financial industry. To what extent China has been able to adapt these new practices and how these are affecting or likely to affect the growth of the Chinese economy is an issue of great relevance. As China’s economy gets increasingly integrated with the global economy, its financial markets will have to support this union. It is therefore essential to assess the state of the Chinese banking industry at present and its trajectory of growth in the future. A case study approach to this issue is considered relevant for which Bank of China and HSBC, London are selected for review of the systems, processes and products to provide an insight of the financial needs and their fulfillment today and tomorrow. Bank of China is one of the principal banks in the country; it is one of the four banks which are owned by the State in China. (About Bank of China,. 2006). It has been a key central bank of China which has carried out international exchange as well as provided funds and been a point for foreign trade in the country over a period. It conducts a wide variety of services including commercial banking, insurance as well as investment banking. It is one of the largest banks in Asia and has been placed at the 18th position by the Banker Magazine in 2005. (About Bank of China,. 2006). It also has a large overseas presence in 27 countries. The systems, processes and practices followed by the Bank of China would be a good indicator of the state of the Chinese banking industry in both its internal and external dimensions. HSBC is an epitome of a modern bank. Based in London, the Bank had its origins in provision of finance for trading with China in the 19th Century. After China adopted a nationalist communist economy and banking system, HSBC’s presence in the country was limited. However the bank has now retuned with a vigor and strives to make inroads in the highly competitive financial sector where banks with a state monopoly are said to enjoy unprecedented advantage. The Bank is also taking benefit of its old legacy and is already earning profits to the tune of $ 161 million for the first half of 2005. (Schuman, 2006). HSBC in some ways can be seen to be a competitor to the Bank of China, though its reach within China is limited to only 20 branches. (Schuman, 2006). The investments made by HSBC in Chinese financial sector are reported to be $ 4 billion and include almost one fifth stake in China’s fifth largest bank, Bank of Communications and its second largest insurance company, Ping An Insurance with which the Bank of China too has many contracts. A comparative analysis of BOC and HSBC would thus provide us an effective understanding of the state of the banking industry in China in all its operational facets. The dynamic nature of the research will entail application of a deductive-inductive approach which in practice is adopted by a number of similar research projects keeping in view the importance of both qualitative and quantitative findings.

Does Legal Reasoning Differ From Moral Reasoning Essays

Does Legal Reasoning Differ From Moral Reasoning Essays Does Legal Reasoning Differ From Moral Reasoning Paper Does Legal Reasoning Differ From Moral Reasoning Paper Does Legal Reasoning Differ From Moral Reasoning In Any Way? Different bookmans have come to different decisions refering the connexion between moral and legal logical thinking. Legal logical thinking is a procedure undertaken by Judgess. It is besides the procedure of divining legal theory. This essay will concentrate on both types of legal logical thinking and their connexion with morality. First, MacCormick’s formalist attack will be discussed, secondly the political position of the Critical Legal Studies Movement, thirdly, Dworkin’s construct of jurisprudence as unity, fourthly the relationship between ‘practical reason’ and jurisprudence, fifthly, Hart’s lingual doctrine will be discussed as a method of value free legal logical thinking and eventually the difference between moral and legal logical thinking will be discussed in the visible radiation of the essay. For MacCormick, a lawfully concluding justice is bound by the demand to ‘do justness harmonizing to law.’ [ 1 ] For the most portion, he is non to roll into political morality, instead, he is to lodge to the field significance of the jurisprudence. InLegal Reasoning and Legal Theory[ 2 ] McCormick shows how, in some cases, judicial logical thinking can be strictly deductive. That is to state that the justice moves from a major and minor premiss to a logical decision. Deductive logical thinking is a logical procedure and free from value opinions. He sets out an illustration of deductive judicial logical thinking inDaniels and Daniels v R. White and Sons and Tabard 1938[ 3 ] . In that instance, the complainant, Mrs Tabard had been sold a bottle carbolic acid instead than the lemonade she ordered. Finding the suspect to be apt, MacCormick argues that the tribunal reasoned therefore ; major premiss, there is an incontestable regulation of the legal system ( here s.14 ( 2 ) of the Sale of Goods Act 1893 ) , minor premiss, the facts of the instance, deductive decision, the tribunals determination in favor of Mrs Tabard. Such deductive logical thinking is non ever possible. In ‘hard’ instances, judicial logical thinking can non be dictated by such simple, value free, logic. MacCormick contends, nevertheless, that to a really big extent, judicial logical thinking is non moral logical thinking. It is deserving disbursement sometime sing what ‘hard cases’ really look like. MacCormick characterises them as falling into three classs, jobs of ‘relevancy’ , ‘interpretation’ and of ‘classification.’ The illustration he gives for relevance is the celebrated instance ofDonoghue V Stevenson ( 1932 )[ 4 ],in this instance the House of Lords had to make up ones mind whether or non the responsibility of attention regulation was relevant between consumers and makers. His illustration for reading is specific to equivocal legislative acts. InEaling V Race Relations Board 1972[ 5 ],the House of Lords had to make up ones mind whether the instead equivocal statutory give voicing forestalling favoritism on evidences of ‘national origin’ besides encapsulated the term ‘legal nationality’ . The tribunal, in fact, held that favoritism because of legal nationality was allowable under English jurisprudence. A job of categorization is shown byMacLennan V Maclennan 1958[ 6 ],here, the tribunal had to make up ones mind whether or non unreal insemination is distinctive under the bing legal regulations specifying criminal conversation. Judges, in ‘hard’ instances, do non ‘set aside the jurisprudence books’ and dainty ‘gaps’ in the jurisprudence as an chance to pass, instead, they assess the substantial mass of jurisprudence contained in the ‘law books’ in line with certain modification demands. The demands of ‘formal justice’ , ‘consistency’ and ‘coherence’ . Having taken these demands into history, the justice so decides on the footing of which determination would hold the best effects. In make up ones minding the best result in relation to effects, nevertheless, the tribunal can non govern unless its determination is permitted or correspondent to an bing legal regulation. In a ‘hard’ instance the judges’ determination is limited foremost by ‘formal justice.’ This has a really specific significance. MacCormick considers formal justness to intend that no determination can be given that can non be universalised. No determination is a complete ‘one off.’ If you say that X has a right to retrieve for foreseeable harm suffered from a decomposed snail in a mass produced bottle, you have invented a category of fortunes in which such a determination will ever be the instance. The demand of consistence is the same as it’s lay-meaning. Judicial opinions can non belie other countries of jurisprudence. For MacCormick, the jurisprudence has ‘rational purpose’ , that is objectively identifiable purposes. The demand of coherency in judicial opinions means that the tribunal can non make up ones mind in such a manner that contradicts the general purposes of the jurisprudence. The illustration he gives is that the tribunal can non make up ones mind that different coloured autos should hold different velocity bounds, because that would be out of sync with any nonsubjective rational intent in the organic structure of jurisprudence. Taking into history these demands, the judge’s logical thinking is farther limited by MacCormick’s construct of ‘principle.’ For MacCormick, rule in jurisprudence exists as a affair of fact. A legal rule is merely deducted from bing legal regulations. A justice can non do a determination which departs from bing legal rules. He can, nevertheless, make determinations by analogy to rules, i.e. he can widen bing rules into similar instances. The justice is clearly highly limited by the substance of the ‘black letter’ jurisprudence and the nonsubjective reason behind it. Inside these restrictive parametric quantities, the justice has to make up ones mind the instance on the footing of the ‘best consequence.’ The effects of a opinion can be conveying about disciplinary justness ( redresss ) , accomplishing the purposes of community moral criterions and accomplishing the objectively recognized regulations of public policy. It is merely at this point that subjective moral criterions weirdo in to judicial logical thinking. Harris, depicting MacCormick says, ‘There comes a point at which effects may be agreed and yet honorable work forces still differ as to the opinions which are justified. At this phase the pick is irreducibly subjective.’ [ 7 ] That is to state, in some fortunes, the inquiry of what effects it is desirable to convey about by a opinion is down to the moral and political picks of single Judgess, so long as the determination is compatible with, formal justness, consistence and coherency and so long as the determination is permitted by bing legal principal or is correspondent to one. MacCormick, does nevertheless, permeate his theory of judicial concluding with a normative facet. His theory is non simply a description of what Judgess really do ; he besides intends that it is what they should make [ 8 ] . This implies a moral facet, as a justice who did non ground along his lines would be ‘wrong’ . In fact, the statement could be extended farther, a justice concluding independently of MacCormick’s theoretical account could be concluding amorally because he has thrown aside his responsibility to make ‘justice harmonizing to law.’ As a strictly descriptive theory, nevertheless, MacCormick goes a long manner to dividing legal logical thinking from morality. Judges’ subjective moral sentiments and political doctrines merely come into drama in really restricted fortunes, i.e. measuring which effect is the best result of a regulation. In contrast, from the American position of the critical legal surveies motion, legal logical thinking can be characterised as pure political relations. Formalism, is a myth. Borrowing from the legal realists, the critical legal surveies motion adopted a doubting attitude to judicial legal logical thinking. This attitude has been characterised as ‘rule scepticism’ and ‘fact scepticism’ . [ 9 ] Hugh Collins [ 10 ] has written that regulation agnosticism is the averment that the chief map of regulations prevarications, ‘In retrospective justification or legitimation, that is to show the judicial determination as lawfully right and inevitable.’ Aboard this, fact agnosticism states that Judgess pick and choose the facts of a instance to suit their ain political relations. As Collins argues, ‘According to the realists, the facts are non ‘out there’ , but are selected and described with a position to both a rhetorical justification of the judge’s determination, and to a building of events so that a relevant legal regulation or rule seemingly determines the result.’ [ 11 ] Indeed a contrast of the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal word picture of the facts inRuxley Electronics and Construction Ltd V Forsyth[ 12 ] neatly demonstrate this averment, ‘The Court of Appeal painted a image of a enduring Mr Forsyth covering with an unqualified builder, whereas the House of Lords, told the narrative of a patient, flexible and generous contractor covering with a bloody-minded, timeserving and unreasonable client.’ [ 13 ] Not surprisingly, the different tribunals came to different decisions. This attack contrasts aggressively with MacCormick s formalized theory of judicial ground. Judges, harmonizing to ‘sceptical’ theory, do non fastidiously construe the jurisprudence either by subtracting from major and minor premises, or by paying close attentiveness to rules and analogy. Rather, they come to a decision and so utilize the regulations as, ‘pretty drama things.’ [ 14 ] The Critical Legal Studies motion believed it had formalists over a barrel. If nonsubjective rules, as espoused by MacCormick exist, why is the jurisprudence so incoherent? Surely settled rules iron out all struggle in the jurisprudence? The reply is that jurisprudence is a forum for political battle, its concluding reflects the political struggles outside the tribunal room. This shows that the jurisprudence is merchandise of political relations and non nonsubjective theory. Collins illustrates the point through an illustration from contract jurisprudence [ 15 ] . An nonsubjective rule is said to be that a binding contract must be supported by good consideration (Currie v. Misa[ 16 ]1875) . A regulation sceptic attack would propose that the construct of consideration is ductile and the tribunals are prepared to contrive good consideration by writhing the philosophy to the facts of the instance. A Critical Legal Studies author would farther propose that the construct of just estoppel (Maclaine V, Gatty 1921[ 17 ] ) , which is sometimes applied in consideration instances, is from an wholly different mold than the original rule, so it is politically contradictory to it. ‘Consideration embodies a position of the duties owed between citizens that stresses how they should merely originate through the chase of opportunism, whereas, estoppel embodies a principle that citizens owe in add-on duties to those who reasonably rely on them.’ [ 18 ] The major job with this line of idea is that it is clear that the jurisprudence is, to an extent, predictable. If nonsubjective rules do non be at all in the jurisprudence and Judgess merely use their ain political relations at caprice, there would be no legal certainty at all. In The Politicss of the Judicary [ 19 ] , Griffith suggests that the judiciary semen from a similar mold. They are middle-of-the-road conservativists, with similar prepossessions, connected to the fact that they are from similar backgrounds. It can be argued that this is why the jurisprudence is predictable ; when it comes to legal logical thinking, Judgess ground in a similar manner. An alternate position is that espoused by Llewellyn, that different tribunals have different ‘folkways’ and a legal professional, soaked in the ambiance of any peculiar tribunal, could foretell the right reply, ‘eight out of 10 times.’ [ 20 ] While the Critical Legal Studies motion sees a nexus between legal logical thinking and political relations, it does non concentrate on moral logical thinking as holding any built-in connexion with the judicial procedure. Harris suggests that the ground the motion has non focussed on any nexus between moral and legal logical thinking is because it is portion of the wider motion of 20th century postmodernism. Harmonizing to this position, ‘There are no such things as ‘sound theory’ and no such entity as ‘the human subject.’ Once we appreciate that, we will be liberated to believe about concrete relationships and to trade with one and another any figure of buildings, or Reconstructions of them.’ [ 21 ] Without sound theory or the human topic, positions as to the ‘morally correct’ are non sustainable. Rather, the focal point displacements to the political. So far, the formalized attack to judicial logical thinking has been considered, which states that there is no connexion between judicial logical thinking and moral logical thinking, because nonsubjective rule exists in a moral vacuity and the critical surveies motion, who focus on the connexion between legal logical thinking and political relations shuning a connexion between legal logical thinking and morality as a effect of their station modernism. Dworkin rejects both these positions. For him legal logical thinking is connected to moral logical thinking in the closest possible manner. A justice must ground morally before he decides a instance. InLaw’s Empire[ 22 ] , Dworkin theorised that jurisprudence could be conceived in the same manner as literary reading, Harris defines this attack, ‘We take the informations – the obvious cases of the pattern, an artistic work or a literary text – and we advance a construct of it which makes in the best example of the genre to which it belongs. The same is true with law.’ [ 23 ] In seting frontward the best reading of jurisprudence possible, we necessarily convey our moral values into drama. The best theory of jurisprudence is one thatbothtantrums with the substantial information and has moral value. Dworkin applies the theory to the inquiry, ‘how is province coercion to be justified? ’ Dworkin first applies his interpretive theory to ‘conventionalism’ , the nonsubjective rule-based statements espoused by MacCormick. He concludes that the thought that nonsubjective regulations systematically deliver replies does non hold ‘fit’ with the facts on the land. He besides concludes that the theory is morally unwanted, frequently nonsubjective facts do non be in ‘the jurisprudence books’ to specify the jurisprudence and, hence, when Judgess deprive people of belongings or autonomy, they are moving without proper justification. Next he applies his theory to ‘pragmatism’ , as embodied by the legal realist and critical legal surveies motions. Dworkin claims that jurisprudence means justified coercion, hence, as the pragmatists merely have political relations, non legal justification, i.e. there is no jurisprudence. This is non a moral job so long as your statements are politically sound, but the theory merely does non suit with the informations on the land. It is clear that Judgess are non ‘just pretending.’ [ 24 ] Law as unity, is Dworkin’s preferable theoretical account. He draws a analogue with an person that an ‘interpretative community’ would see as holding the values of unity, i.e. a good thought-out system of coherent values and jurisprudence. If jurisprudence was to hold those values, the reply to the inquiry, ‘when is coercion justifiable? ’ can be answered, as Harris paraphrases as when, ‘Community establishments are seeking to widen concern and regard to all on a footing of equality.’ [ 25 ] A justice, hence, in his legal logical thinkings, must take this moral end into history. In what Penner calls, ‘the most startling characteristic, ’ [ 26 ] of Dworkin’s theory, ‘law as integrity’ is non intended to be an abstract description, instead, it is a theory that Dworkin considers is really put into pattern by Judgess. Penner claims that Dworking makes Judgess into moral philosophers. When make up ones minding instance, a justice goes through the procedure of concluding that has merely been described and comes to the decision of ‘law as integrity.’ The justice has, hence, concluded that the jurisprudence espouses the value that the community through its coercive passages, ‘respects the cardinal right of all citizens to equal concern and respect.’ [ 27 ] Dworkin creates a justice named Hercules with superhuman concluding ability to exemplify his point. Hercules compares moral considerations with ‘fit’ , i.e. the bing legislative acts and instance jurisprudence. Heracless may experience that the bing statues and instance jurisprudence reflect an imperfect system of rights, but every bit long as those imperfect rights are distributed every bit, he has found the jurisprudence because it has ‘integrity’ . This is an ‘easy’ instance. In a ‘hard case’ the bing legislative acts and instance jurisprudence and the necessity the moral considerations may indicate to different decisions. Harris neatly paraphrases the consequence of this state of affairs, ‘Perhaps, of three positions about a peculiar legal inquiry, X is superior to Y, and Y to Z, in footings of political morality. However, whereas X will non suit the legal stuffs, both Y and Z do fit. Then the jurisprudence is Y.’ [ 28 ] This shows that Hercules has to strike a balance between ‘fit’ and morality. What so constitutes morality in this procedure of judicial logical thinking? First, the construct of justness, which for Dworkin are those values that the ideal legislator would put down, 2nd, procedural due procedure, the thought that one time a regulation has been developed that people have relied upon it should non be changed and equity, something that is supported by bulk sentiment. ‘Fit’ besides has a farther dimension, with some legal stuffs, Hercules is bound by fit even if he thinks the legal stuffs are incorrect. He is, nevertheless, entitled to give them their narrowest possible reading. Hercules takes a holistic attack to the jurisprudence. Dworkin famously said, ‘The jurisprudence may non be a seamless web ; but the complainant is entitled to inquire Hercules to handle it as if it were.’ [ 29 ] Heracless, hence, takes all extant legal stuffs and constructs a strategy of rules, doing the jurisprudence coherent. Dworkin’s theory does non merely differ from MacCormick’s by including identifiable moral values in judicial logical thinking, they besides differ on the nature of rule. For MacCormick, rules are an nonsubjective fact, but for Dworkin, they have a moral dimension. ‘Arguments of rule warrant a political determination by demoing that the determination respects or secures some group right.’ [ 30 ] This is of import, because it shows that rule, in a moral sense of ‘rights’ pervades judicial logical thinking, something which MacCormick would deny. Dworkin besides asserts that Judgess do non pass, even if it appears that they do. This is because there is ever a morally ‘right’ reply. Harris suggests that this is in two senses, foremost, that a justice must ever come toanreply because that is his occupation, a justice ever chooses a ‘right’ reply because that is what is expected of him. [ 31 ] Second, nevertheless, and more interestingly, the right reply thesis means that the sum of information that a justice can pull upon is so wide ( bearing in head it takes in moral statements every bit good as the bing legal stuffs ) , that a right reply is ever possible. This is besides in blunt contrast to MacCormick’s consequentialist concluding – that a justice legislates when the formal regulations have run out in line with what he thinks are the ‘subjectively best consequences.’ Dworkin has clearly put together an elaborate and persuasive theory linking moral and legal logical thinking. It has non, nevertheless, been without its disparagers. Simmonds 1987 [ 32 ] and Marmor 1992 [ 33 ] attack the thought of comparing ‘fit’ and moral/political value in order to come to a decision. This is because ‘fit’ by its nature is an reading and a ‘question of political theory’ , after set uping this the thought of comparing ‘fit’ and moral/political value seems non be a comparing at all, or instead it is comparing like with similar. [ 34 ] Alternatively, Finnis ( 1987 ) [ 35 ] claims that ‘fit’ and moral/political value are non ‘commensurate’ , he accepts that they are different values, but does non accept that it is possible to compare them. A concretised version of this statement can be found in the averment that you can’t compare love and money. Fish ( 1982 ) has contended that the reading of the legal stuffs is non a affair of fact, instead there are tonss of different readings of text depending on which interpretive community you come from, ‘One doesn’t merely happen a history ; instead one views a organic structure of stuffs with the premise that it is organized by judicial concerns. It is that premise that gives form to the stuffs, a form that can so be described as holding been found. Furthermore, non everyone will happen the same form because non everyone will be continuing with the same impression of what constitutes a judicial concern.’ [ 36 ] It is Simmonds’s unfavorable judgment that seems the most hard to rebut. Dworkin has accepted Fish’s ‘interpretation is societal construction’ statement as complementary to his theory and go forthing it in tact. Finnis’s commensurability statement he refutes by ‘shifting the load of proof’ , inquiring how can Finnis turn out they are non commensurate? [ 37 ] In order to rebut Simmonds, nevertheless, it is necessary to keep that ‘fit’ and moral/political values have a substantial difference. Outside the inquiry of tantrum and reading, Penner considers the averment that jurisprudence is about justified province coercion to be tremendously controversial. [ 38 ] A celebrated illustration of a non coercive jurisprudence, is the right to self defense mechanism. Dworkin in Law’s Empire asserted that, ‘In the terminal all my statements are hostage to each reader’s sense of what really does and can go on in the tribunal room.’ [ 39 ] It is, hence, submitted that Dworkin can be attacked with his ain interpretive construct of tantrum, that is to state that an statement must non belie the available informations. It is surely non instantly obvious that Judgess take after Heracless in their judicial logical thinking. Harris does, nevertheless draw attending to the opinion of Lord Scarman inMcloughlin V O’Brian ( 1983 )[ 40 ],where he held that Judgess deal in rule and non policy, ‘The separating characteristic of the common jurisprudence is this judicial development and formation of principle†¦..if rule inexorably requires a grade of policy hazard, the court’s map is to judge harmonizing to principle.’ Harris, besides points out, nevertheless, that in the same instance Lord Edmund Davies said, ‘In my opinion, the proposition that ‘’the policy issue is non justiciable is startling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . In my respectful opinion it runs counter to well-established and entirely acceptable jurisprudence. [ 41 ] It seems clear that Judgess by and large don’t put themselves in the place of Hercules, so, it is possible for the bench to be politicised. The legal realist Judge Jerome Frank has stated, ‘For any peculiar ballad individual, the jurisprudence, with regard to any peculiar set of facts, is a determination of a tribunal with regard to those facts so far as that determination affects that peculiar individual. Until a tribunal has passed on those facts, no jurisprudence on that topic is yet in existence.’ [ 42 ] Such a statement is a long manner off from Dworkin’s thought that the jurisprudence is a consistent whole. Penner points out that the legal stuffs available to Hercules may be systematically morally fishy [ 43 ] . He asks how Hercules would hold coped with the legal stuffs in apartheid South Africa, could such stuffs truly be compared with, justness, procedural due procedure and equity in any meaningful manner? Harris suggests that possibly merely as Hart’s theory requires a ‘minimum content of natural law’ to work, Dworkin’s needs a minimal content of justness in the bing legal stuffs. [ 44 ] Legal philosophers have non merely applied themselves to the nexus between judicial logical thinking and morality. Natural attorneies consider that it is through moral logical thinking that legal logical thinking becomes possible. Richard Nobles and David Schiff assert that Aristotle believed, ‘The beginning of values prevarications in nature, in peculiar, human nature.’ [ 45 ] Man, he reasoned, is a societal animate being, destined by nature to populate in groups, both the household and political grouping. Law, hence, should promote the common good in a political metropolis province, every bit good as advancing the instruction and raising of immature in a household. For the classical natural attorneies there was a nexus between concluding and natural morality, because it was through logical thinking that the morally right could be discerned. Cicero writes, ‘Law is the highest ground, rooted in nature, which commands things that must be done and prohibits the opposite.’ [ 46 ] Aquinas drew upon this line of logical thinking, but for him there was another degree of moral certainty ; Christian disclosure. Aquinas describes four types of jurisprudence. Ageless jurisprudence is God-given jurisprudence regulating all creative activity. Natural jurisprudence is tax write-offs from nature as described by Aristotle. Divine jurisprudence is jurisprudence revealed through Holy Scripture. Human Torahs, are regulations, supported by ground for the common good. [ 47 ] Human Torahs merely have legal quality when they ‘bind in conscience’ as a consequence of being derived from natural jurisprudence. Aquinas, nevertheless, had a different construct of the common good from Aristotle, ‘The purpose of the good life on this Earth is blessedness in Eden ; it is the king’s responsibility to advance the public assistance of the community in such as manner that it leads to the felicity of heaven.’ [ 48 ] In spoting moral jurisprudence that bind in scruples, Aquinas believed that some legal/moral truths were wholly self evident to everybody such as, ‘Every whole is greater than one of its parts.’ [ 49 ] On the other manus, some legal/moral truths are merely available to the educated, for illustration, ‘As to one who knows that an angel is non a organic structure, it is axiomatic that an angel is non circumscriptively in a topographic point, but that is non manifest to the unlearned who can non hold on it.’ [ 50 ] If jurisprudence can non stand up to this procedure of ground, it is non accordance with adult males societal terminals and is natural disposition to cognize the truth about God, it is oppressive. ‘Tyrannical jurisprudence, non being harmonizing to ground, is non at all in the true and rigorous sense, but is instead a perversion of law.’ [ 51 ] For Aquinas, hence, moral logical thinking and legal logical thinking are really near to indistinguishable. Law that has non been morally reasoned from nature is a perversion of the jurisprudence. Subsequently bookmans have contended that he was incorrect, nevertheless, in concluding jurisprudence from nature. The noncognitivist, David Hume argued that there is no rational procedure by which we can cognize what is morally right and incorrect. ‘In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with. I have ever remark’d, that the writer returns for some clip in the ordinary ways of logical thinking, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations refering human personal businesss ; when of a sudden I am surpriz’d to happen, that alternatively of the usual sexual intercourses of propositions,isandis non, I meet with no proposition that is non connected with anoughtor anought non. [ 52 ] Hume’s celebrated is/ought cleavage, asserts that jurisprudence which has normative value, ‘ought’ , can non be deduced for a fact of nature, ‘is.’ This caused a seismal displacement in the manner bookmans connected moral and legal logical thinking. Harris points out that Aquinas is non, needfully, ‘scuppered in port.’ [ 53 ] Possibly, he argues, there are premises about which perfectly everyone can hold, for illustration that the self-respect of adult male requires everyone to hold a lower limit of nutrient and security. If that was the instance the jurisprudence should reflect those basic propositions. This is similar to Hart’s ‘minimum content of natural law’ in his otherwise positive theory. Finnis, in response to positivism, argues that we are non covering with logical necessities. He draws upon the construct of ‘self apparent knowledge’ . [ 54 ] He claims that worlds are endowed with a capacity for moral ground, ‘practical reason’ . We can divine moral truths through a brooding procedure. Once this is done, we have moral ‘facts’ . That is to state that the procedure of practical ground nowadayss us with an automatic ‘ought’ , it presents us with aim, incontestable, moral absolutes. In this manner, the is/ought cleavage is circumnavigated. In position of Finnis’s theory, is it so impossible to ground about jurisprudence without moral speculation? Austin’s positive theory that jurisprudence is a bid of the crowned head backed by force has been widely criticised for go forthing excessively many inquiries unreciprocated. [ 55 ] Hart, nevertheless, believes he has a manner of concluding which is wholly disconnected from moral contemplation but that will still bring forth a coherent and recognizable theory of jurisprudence. He criticises Austin for following the standard definitional theoretical account per genus et differentiam, i.e. ‘an elephant is a four-footed distinguished from other such animals by the ownership of a bole, because that method of definition focal points on the fringy ( being quadruped and holding a bole ) instead than on the of import factors, i.e. the ‘central case.’ Nicola Lacey describes Harts attack to lingual doctrine, ‘The hint to understanding jurisprudence is, foremost, to see that legal constructs have to be understood in the context of the sentences and legal philosophies in which they arise†¦ . And 2nd, that it is impossible to specify jurisprudence in footings of a finite figure of characteristics of which, if any is losing, the phenomenon fails to qualify.’ [ 56 ] In Hart’s ain words, ‘If we put aside the inquiry ‘what is a corporation? ’ , and inquire alternatively, ‘Under what types of conditions does the jurisprudence ascribe liabilities to corporations? ’ , this is likely to clear up the existent working of the legal system and convey out the precise issues at stake.’ [ 57 ] Hart’s procedure of legal logical thinking was, hence, wholly value free. Rather, it is rooted in the significances of words. In order to claim that Hart has non reasoned lawfully because he has non reasoned morally, you would hold to claim that Hart’s theory is non legal logical thinking at all. Hart’s lingual doctrine has showed us, that it is possible to lawfully ground without trusting on moral ‘practical reason’ , in that limited sense, legal logical thinking and moral logical thinking are divorced from each other. In the context of judicial logical thinking, nevertheless, no theory regulations out the judicial application of moral criterions. MacCormick suggests they apply their ain subjective morality in fortunes limited by the formal jurisprudence and Dworkin suggests that the jurisprudence embodies a morality of equal distribution of rights and, hence, Judgess can non but ground morally. It is the Critical Legal Studies Movement that goes farthest in dividing judicial logical thinking from morality. For them, it is non morality, but political relations that fuels judicial logical thinking. There is, nevertheless, the closest of links between political relations and morality. Granted that, if you were an utmost relativist, you would see the politic al relations behind the jurisprudence did non affair, be it Maoism, societal democracy or Fascism. For the Critical Legal Studies Movement, nevertheless, this is non the instance. They clearly find something morally abhorrent about the conservative political relations of judicial concluding – and, hence, moral opinions creep in through the back door. There is a difference between moral and legal logical thinking, Dworkin’s positions, whilst extremely persuasive, do non ‘fit’ with the informations on the land. There is no grounds to propose that Judgess do draw a bead on to be like Hercules, instead, it is submitted they approach their occupations from a assortment of different cultural, political and philosophical positions. Whilst MacCormick’s theory does non supply us with the moral legal protection that we intuitively crave, it is, at least, closest to being descriptively accurate. This point alongside the Hart’s cogent evidence that it is possible to ground legal theory without mention to morality, leads the writer to the decision that while there is really frequentlya nexusbetween legal logical thinking and morality it is traveling excessively far to state that they are indistinguishably the same thing. Bibliography Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, Commentary and Materials, Butterworths, First Edition J.W. Harris, Legal Philosophies, Butterworths, Second Edition David Hume ( 1888 ) , A Treatise of Human Nature, Selby Bigge Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Cicero ( 1990 edition ) On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, JE G Zetzel ( erectile dysfunction ) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Mcloughlin V O’Brian (1983 ) 1 AC 410 at 430-31 Simmonds, NE ( 1987 ) ‘Imperial Visions and Mundane Practices’ 46 Cambridge Law Journal 465 488 Marmor, Interpretation and Legal Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Penner, Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, Commentary and Materials, First Edition p 403 Finnis, ‘On Reason and Authority in Law’s Empire’ , Law and Philosophy 357 380 Fish, Working on the Chain Gang: Interpretation in Law and Literature, Texas Law Review 551 567 Dworkin, ( 1977 ) Taking Rights Seriously, London, Duckworth Dworkin, ( 1986 ) Law’s Empire, London, Fontana MacLennan V Maclennan1958 SC 105 Donoghue V Stevenson( 1932 ) AC 562 Daniels and Daniels v R. White and Sons and Tabard1938 4 All ER 258 Ealing V Race Relations Board1972 AC 342 1

Assignmet 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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How can each of the five SLEPT macro-environment factors directly Essay

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